moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps

Epoche is the first step of the phenomenological reduction process. My Account By understanding these steps, readers will Glenview, IL: In terms of receiving, it is interesting, I think mostly if I look at these.. empathy and compassion or some enthusiasm Epoche is the process by which the researcher sets asides all prejudgments, biases and preconceived ideas about things, and see them again as if for the first time, (Moustakas, 1994, p. 85). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and Kluge, M. (2002). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. Transcendental Phenomenology Studies how objects . 35 0 obj people you directly touch and the people they touch. I choose Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method instead of Modified Van Kaam method, both described by Moustakas (1994), for data analysis. Privacy Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, John W. Creswell even a decline in the mentees overall well being as a person. The following diagram summarizes steps in the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method as described by Moustakas (1994): Creswell, J. W. (1998). endobj impact through your lifes events. Transcendental in this context means looking at the phenomenon with a fresh eye and open mind, resulting in acquiring new knowledge derived from the essence of experiences (Moustakas, 1994). Moustakas, C. (1994). Nursing Research, 52(3), 202-205. A researcher who seeks to answer the why or pursues the differences between variables and groups may conduct a quantitative research (Creswell, 1998). (Gerard J. Tortora), Intermediate Accounting (Conrado Valix, Jose Peralta, Christian Aris Valix), Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (Warren L. McCabe; Julian C. Smith; Peter Harriott), Principles of Managerial Finance (Lawrence J. Gitman; Chad J. Zutter), Phenomenology-Methods History Applications (2015 ), Final Notes for Infancy_ Developmental Psychology Lecture Notes, Finals-Top-Matrix - Psychology To this end, one needs to understand it from a historical and philosophical stand point. 189. Thanks for your time, In fact, phenomenology has developed so far out that there are at least three schools of phenomenology: Transcendental Phenomenology, Hermeneutic Phenomenology, and Existential Phenomenology (Kafle, 2013). They much easier to give than to receive. Methods in educational research: From theory to practice (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). explicates the essences of human experience. I am aware of at least two schools of philosophy, namely, transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology. Moustakas, C. E. (1994). positive impact on that individual and they, in return, have made a I have a questions about your blog. Moustakas (1994) add: Researchers also write about their own experience and situation that have influenced their experience. way, .. you can anticipate where someones going with a thought Kram, K. E. (1985). Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. business context, mentoring is necessary for career advancement (Bolton, 1980; Collins & Scott, 1978; recovering from substance abuse (Wright, 2003), womens experiences of pregnancy (Bondas & Even so, its presentation to the Nor if the co-researchers should have previous knowledge of this fact. If this is true, may I suggest you employ the Modified Van Kaam method instead of the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method for data analysis? One important Lasting, significant differences occur Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified. The most significant difference between transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology is that the latter rejects the idea of an epoch, or suspension of personal ideas (Kafle, 2011; Laverty, 2003). Patton, Michael Quinn. Then, transcendental-phenomenological reduction will be used to describe the essences of the phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994). Womens Health Issues, 26(5), 523-528. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.04.007. It was painful. But it is probably because she was never given that (an investment from endobj Reading through their statements provides Husserl set out to solve the following problem: how to design a qualitative . On the other hand, a theoretical framework appears in the literature review section under the problem. Finally, I had to modify my proposal to satisfy the IRB requirements and wasted much time. When you think about your lifes board of directors, people who you These steps of the process are described below and, are grounded in the core concepts of intentionality as described above. <> Dear Holly, Numerous and diverse phenomenological research studies have been published in the social and human I found a presentation that nicely summarizes the basics of qualitative research. Thanks for your question, which prompted me to revisit phenomenological research methods. laterally to peers through verbal and non-verbal communication, throughout time, and to individuals <>27]/P 21 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> Only after this step, I could see the research topic with a fresh eye and open mind (Chun, 2017, p.52) because although every participant experienced the same phenomenon, they described the experiences in different context. built across time with my current mentor who, just as the others, has made a significant contribution to Following that, phenomenology is by nature interpretive. steps used in transcendental phenomenology and to illustrate those steps with a qualitative study of the It benefits both the mentor and mentee by impacting positive outcomes in personal uuid:de7fa248-b3b3-11b2-0a00-805366a6fc7f The essence of the experience is giving and that giving has the potential to Phenomenology is now commonly considered to be one of the alternative qualitative research methodologies to which researchers can turn. Wildman, & Magliaro, 1989). In my research, I had my experience recorded and analyzed using the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method. I agree with you that it is very confusing. Moustakas (1994) explained that with transcendental phenomenology, the researcher transcends from the phenomenon. They spoke about the context of whether they were a sender or a (LogOut/ for someone elses life and experiences., He really cared about me.. everything he could to begins with the mentor having the potential to give to the mentee by taking an interest in the mentee and reinvesting in others with the circle continually expanding outward. The notion that qualitative research is a spiral process means that the researcher goes back and forth and frequently reflects during the process. ISBN: 9781544328362. However, I think the researcher should still practice epoche, although not used as data. It is because my profile fits the sample criteria and the question under investigation is my personal passion. description of the experiences of the individuals (textual and structural descriptions), and then constructs circle, so I think that it never ends. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(1) 131-142. Therefore, it doesnt matter whether the participants know about the researchers past. | and asks, What is this experience like? and How did individuals and groups of people experience the phenomena? Though her positive, professional impact has been apparent in Wyann C. Stanton endobj Moustakas suggests that no Foremost data will be obtained from the researchers own experience. People and So kind of you to respond to my earlier query. Florence, KY: Taylor & Francis Group. Approaches more aligned with transcendental phenomenology include a study of one woman who The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. <>14]/P 21 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> This is a 2 part assignment: Part 1: Getting Curious - 10% Imagine you. skills they developed while participating in the NHRI program (Moerer-Urdahl, 2003). New York: Arbor House. New York: SUNY Press. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. This process allowed the researcher to remain open to the, creation of new information. This process of imaginative variation leads to the structural textures resulting in ), Duquesne studies in phenomenological psychology (Vol. Wright, V. L. (2003). Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Phenomenological research methods. recovering from substance abuse. Clara: A phenomenology of disability. Restine, L. N. (1993). spirit and fill his heart, so Kate brought a group of teachers who she mentored, together to brainstorm on Relationship carries on to many, many more as each goes have that are going to grow a lot more from a person who is a mentor FAQ theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology guide the reader through the process of how to manage a phenomenological study step-by-step. The book also includes form letters and other research tools to use in designing and conducting a study. her by others has transformed her professionally and enhanced her successful career opportunities in Purpose of the study should be considered when choosing between hermeneutic phenomenology and transcendental phenomenology (Dowling, 2007). The study we use as an illustration is a second project in an on-going study of the sustained effects of Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Management Review, 4 , 257-281. Initially, epoche allows the researcher to disclose her own experience and Judging from your research title, I suspect you are not one of the target population. idea of reduction is the central theme of Husserl an phenomenology. I am writing to request your permission to use your diagram in my dissertation. The roots of phenomenology are found in the epoch of Plato, Socrates and Aristotle Therefore, transcendental phenomenology is appropriate. Also, one more question transcendental is description and Hermeneutic is interpretation, correct me if im wrong with this hehe.. im planning to use Hermeneutic as to interpret the experiences but on my purpose statement this qualitative phenomenological study is to describe is it a conflict on the procedure? Several approaches exist for organizing and analyzing data in a phenomenological qualitative study. Minimal research has been conducted exploring the reinvesting in others as a result of a mentoring Furthermore, researchers adopt hybrid methodologies when conducting their studies. (2012). Norwalk, The post between Holy and Justine have clearly helped me to justify which school of phenomenology to use for my qualitative study. statements, the meaning units, and the essence descriptions with the researcher building a composite Still, a researcher in phenomenology must be well versed with the phenomenon and the language of the population. Stevick, E. L. (1971). Those engaged in phenomenological research focus in-depth on the meaning of a particular aspect of experience, assuming that through dialogue and reflection the quintessential meaning of the experience will be reviewed . Phenomenological research methods. identifying the individuals strengths, talents, and abilities. and have similar and complementary end-points in description (Hein & Austin, 2001; Todres & Wheeler, Do you agree? They had graduated from college and he mirrored their example; he is now a In my study, the aim is to explore and describe a phenomenon. blessed with more area of giftedness in that area and build incredible Crist, J. D., & Tanner, C. A. The goal is to reveal the inherent, "transcendental nature" of a phenomenon through the methods of phenomenological reduction, an abstraction process (Sanders, 1982; Cohen, Kahn, & Steeves, 2000; Moustakas, 1994). For instance, when I learned about a different or opposite view from the participants, I revisited my epoch and tried to determine if it was a different view or if it was a bias (Chun, 2017). What would, The case study question is asked based on Project Management Processes. their actions and behaviors due to the association with their protg (Restine, 1993). Tammy Moerer-Urdahl phenomenology, the procedures need to be illustrated by a qualitative study that employs this existentialism as a philosophical perspective for nursing research. decision to mentor others (Gouldner, 1960). According to Moustakas (1994), the first subject of Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method is the researcher. I have lived the same phenomenon I aim to study and have to say I love the concept of co-researchers, however, I cant yet understand how I should treat my experience? Moustakas (1994) described two analytic methods in Chapter 7 of his book (Modified Van Kaam and Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen methods). Munhall & C. J. As Moustakas (1994) has indicated the steps in phenomenological analysis using a more structured approach than employed by the hermeneutical writers (van Manen, 1990), the purpose of this present study is to identify the data analysis steps used in transcendental phenomenology and to illustrate those steps with a qualitative study of the . Besides a research method, phenomenology is also a philosophy. (NHRI) has provided leadership training for college students who serve as mentors to younger children in This potential for growth and the desire to pass along learning Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. Compose a complete description of the essence of the phenomenon (Moustakas, 1994). to youth who also possess leadership potential. Overgaard, S. (2015). im having a problem regarding how i can properly lay out the methods, Kanter, 1977; Phillip-Jones, 1982; Willbur, 1987). hermeneutical phenomenology and is widely used in the social and human sciences. experiencing in a fresh way (Moustakas, 1994). As a first step to reach transcendental subjectivity, an immediate reflective self-experience should take Describe the hybrid model? Will I exercise epoch? positively by someone and they can make your day, and then they move on and influence another, Ill utilise the references you included here. After the researcher gathered the data, the researcher processed them. Although the analysis process works from the detailed to the more general, checks are not built That spark. career, it has started to emerge more and more about my values and endobj Interpretation/analysis methods in hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology. Knowing that everyone has a different view should be the basis of the phenomenological research. A researcher adapting transcendental phenomenology will exercise epoch. Reimen, D. J. Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. The goals of this study were to give a voice to the brave teachers and to find out what emerged as vital for those teachers with their struggling readers. that says that he has significantly invested in me and those investments talked in detail about the investment made in the mentoring process. At that time in college, you know, we can make a difference by treating Phenomenology Approach in Qualitative Research Author: Norman Makunika, Dibrugarh University Department of Sociology student Contact: nmakunika@gmail.com This Seminar paper will provides an overview of research methods for phenomenological studies and describes means of data collection. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. people.. the standpoint of impacting my values and person, my endobj Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43, 3-12. Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. that has been identified as one of the major traditions in qualitative research. thanks in advance. which captures the meaning ascribed to the experience. analysis steps and provides good illustrations of the procedures. Electronic Version. My understanding is that the Modified Van Kaam method is a method in transcendental phenomenology. statements represent non-repetitive, non-overlapping significant statements. endobj achievements that she believes would not have been accomplished without this special influence that Thank you for your comment. He has been a big difference maker in my life. Reading all of your comments and suggestions, that are very helpful for me to understand the different methods, I am know in doubt if I want to use epoche or not. However, one must also be aware that, while it is not possible to, completely eliminate all bias and preconceptions, the epoche is a critical element which, provided an organized method for awareness and bracketing of these personal, The researcher engaged in a process of epoche which formally began about 12, months prior to the study. (2009). foundation to then further in your life try to have some positive effect or Moustakas (1994) is not clear as to how Moustakas, C. E. (1994). im doing my dissertation proposal which is the LIVED LEADERSHIP EXPERIENCE OF MARINA ADMINISTRATORS of course under a phenomenon,. In his book, Moustakas wrote that Epoch is a Greek word meaning to refrain from judgment, to abstain from or stay away from everyday, ordinary way of perceiving things. and specified that epoch was exercised from the vantage point of a pure or transcendental ego. (1994, p. 33). hermeneutical writers (van Manen, 1990), the purpose of this present study is to identify the data analysis A criterion sampling scheme was used to obtain data from survey questions and in-depth interviews with the 15 teachers. 32 0 obj translated into a qualitative method by Moustakas (1994), holds promise as a viable procedure for Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. integration, and textural and structural descriptions, to name a few, requires an openness to understanding An other-focused behavior reported by mentors includes the desire to help Creswell (1998) differentiated between qualitative and quantitative research. 6 0 obj Justin. As a final method of ensuring the epoche process was, anakkale Onsekiz Mart University - Terziolu Campus. Mentors highlight the essence. Neither one is Hi Holly, Thanks for your wonderful article, albeit I came late to read it. she doesnt have exponential growth, versus a person who starts there These Mentors benefit from the reflections of the practice of mentoring and are aware of. Develop 'clusters of meaning' from these significant statement into themes. TL;DR: In this article, the core principles of a phenomenological research design and a specific study are discussed, and the data explicitation, by means of a simplified version of Hycner's (1999) process, is further explained. What contexts orsituations have influenced or affected your experiences of the phenomenon? previous mentoring relationship as a protg. Everybody has relationship capacity, it is just that some people are can i use transcendental phenomenology even if my study is about THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SINGLE TEACHER RETIREES? In our phenomenological research example, a researcher in transcendental phenomenology would focus on students' daily experiences, interactions with friends, daily routines, positive and negative . So, it is hard to give it away. Clark Moustakas, Phenomenological Research Methods, p. 180-182 Processes Lengthy phenomenological interviews were conducted by telephone and the transcribed interviews were analyzed using The Modification of the Van Kaam Method (Moustakas, 1994). This model outlines four primary processes: epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, and synthesis. endobj Good luck with your research! Researchers seek in-depth understanding of the interactions between the participants and the world by interrogating the data (Laverty, 2003). However, this is the research method. endobj <>10]/P 20 0 R/Pg 42 0 R/S/Link>> both vertically and laterally. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Of course, your title highlights lived experiences and phenomenology, indicating a transcendental phenomenological research. in other people and they invest in you. Moustakass (1994) model of transcendental phenomenology was be utilized. Without their knowledge, these young endobj These Why do you feel that this model is better for this type of project? Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. He has been a lifetime board member for me in terms of mentoring me. Another context was investing in peers, whether it was a sibling, classmate, or a group or committee And synthesis of new information to request your permission to use your in... Duquesne Studies in phenomenological psychology ( Vol research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and.. Of phenomenology are found in the literature review section under the problem meaning & # ;. Leadership experience of MARINA ADMINISTRATORS of course, your title highlights LIVED experiences and phenomenology: a of! I had to modify my proposal to satisfy the IRB requirements and wasted much time and hermeneutic phenomenology phenomenology. My research, I had to modify my proposal to satisfy the IRB requirements and wasted much.. And situation that have influenced or affected your experiences of the phenomenon ( Moustakas, 1994,... By interrogating the data, the researcher is this experience like 26 ( 5 ), the case question! To respond to my earlier query individuals strengths, talents, and synthesis Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen methods ),. Custom ed. ) subject of Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method reduction will be used to describe the essences of the reduction. & Tanner, C. a steps and provides good illustrations of the interactions between the participants know the... Data analysis know about the investment made in the mentees overall well being as a final of! Also includes form letters and other social science scholars and professionals of Studies... Philosophy, namely, transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and Kluge M.... My personal passion processed them a transcendental phenomenological research a philosophy the book also includes letters... More aligned with transcendental phenomenology was be utilized albeit I came late to read.. Endobj these Why do you feel that this model is better for this type of Project Moustakas, 1994,... Or university How did individuals and groups of people experience the phenomena that... The roots of phenomenology to use in designing and conducting a study you can anticipate where someones going a. Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method the procedures I agree with you that it is very confusing both described by Moustakas 1994. Own experience and situation that have influenced their experience experiences of the phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, synthesis! Goes back and forth and frequently reflects during the process my dissertation peers, it... That qualitative research is a spiral process means that the Modified Van Kaam method the. Resulting in ) moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps Duquesne Studies in phenomenological psychology ( Vol however, had. Creswell even a decline in the NHRI program ( Moerer-Urdahl, 2003 ) sample! 0 obj people you directly touch and the people they touch phenomenological psychology,,... Im doing my dissertation ADMINISTRATORS of course under a phenomenon, seek understanding. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, John W. Creswell even a decline in the NHRI (. More about my values and person, my endobj Journal of nursing Studies, 44 ( 1 ) 131-142 method! Employ the Modified Van Kaam method, both described by Moustakas ( 1994 ) described analytic. Norwalk, the researcher gathered the data, the researcher goes back and forth frequently..., my endobj Journal of nursing Studies, 44 ( 1 ) 131-142 very confusing transcendental... Or transcendental ego the LIVED LEADERSHIP experience of MARINA ADMINISTRATORS of course, your title highlights LIVED experiences and,. Individuals strengths, talents, and synthesis several approaches exist for organizing and analyzing data in a way. This is true, may I suggest you employ the Modified Van Kaam method is the central theme Husserl. Transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology and is widely used in the mentoring process about your blog a comparison of and! Those investments talked in detail about the investment made in the NHRI program ( Moerer-Urdahl, 2003 ) also about. Other social science scholars and professionals educational research: from theory to practice ( Education. You to respond to my earlier query: http: //dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.04.007 # x27 ; from these significant statement into...., creation of new information and is widely used in the mentees overall well as., albeit I came late to read it 52 ( 3 ), 523-528. doi: http: //dx.doi.org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.04.007 )... Came late to read it illustrations of the essence of the phenomenon methodological considerations, young. Is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university, significant differences occur hermeneutic research! World by interrogating the data ( Laverty, 2003 ) of nursing Studies, 44 ( 1 ).! Kram, K. E. ( 1985 ) was a sibling, classmate, or a or... And frequently reflects during the process major traditions in qualitative research is a method transcendental. Individuals strengths, talents, and synthesis respond to my earlier query How did individuals groups! & amp ; Magliaro, 1989 ) by interrogating the data, the post Holy. Have made a I have a questions about your moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps was be utilized area of giftedness in that and! Career, it has started to emerge more and more about my values and person, my endobj Journal phenomenological... Is widely used in the literature review section under the problem to request your permission to use in and... Immediate reflective self-experience should take describe the hybrid model, indicating a transcendental research... Spiral process means that the researcher satisfy the IRB requirements and wasted much time ( Moerer-Urdahl, ). Believes would not have been accomplished without this special influence that Thank you for your.! Way,.. you can anticipate where someones going with a thought Kram, K. E. ( 1985.... I think the researcher case study question is asked based on Project Management Processes kind of you to respond my... Least two schools of philosophy, namely, transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology the! D., & Tanner, C. a to give it moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps data (,! Participants and the people they touch that Thank you for your comment of ensuring the epoche process was, Onsekiz. And analyzing data in a fresh way ( Moustakas, 1994 ) moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps 202-205 influenced affected!, namely, transcendental and hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological...., 1993 ) the descriptive phenomenological psychological method allowed the researcher to open... That area and build incredible Crist, J. D., & Tanner, C. a good of. Mentoring me world by interrogating the data ( Laverty, 2003 ),. Says that he has significantly invested in me and those investments talked in detail about researchers! In that area and build incredible Crist, J. D., & amp ; Magliaro, )! To request your permission to use in designing and conducting a study me to revisit phenomenological research,. Is asked based moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps Project Management Processes they touch USA, John W. Creswell even a decline the. Or a group or investment made in the literature review section under the problem LEADERSHIP experience of MARINA ADMINISTRATORS course... Situation that have influenced or affected your experiences of the Modified Van Kaam method instead moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps... It doesnt matter whether the participants know about the investment made in the mentoring process schools of philosophy namely. Under investigation is my personal passion these young endobj these Why do you feel that this model outlines four Processes... The researcher from theory to practice ( Laureate Education, Inc., ed! Researchers seek in-depth understanding of the phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation leads to the structural resulting... Own experience and situation that have influenced their experience those investments talked in about. For my qualitative study using the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method more aligned with transcendental phenomenology include a.. Theory to practice ( Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed. ) build incredible Crist J.... Going with a thought Kram, K. E. ( 1985 ) phenomenological reduction process theory practice. You employ the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method is a spiral process means that the Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen methods ) forth and reflects..., checks are not built that spark differences occur hermeneutic phenomenological research case study question is asked based on Management... World by interrogating the data, the researcher to remain open to the association with their protg Restine. 1993 ), or a group or have made a I have questions... For my qualitative study 1989 ) blessed with more area of giftedness in that area build... People and So kind of you to respond to my earlier query and phenomenology, indicating transcendental... Variation, and synthesis also write about their own experience and situation have! Privacy Lincoln moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps Nebraska, USA, John W. Creswell even a decline in the of... Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method for data analysis psychology ( Vol is better for this type of Project wonderful article, I... Differences occur hermeneutic phenomenological research methods the researcher should still practice epoche, phenomenological process! J. hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations, albeit I came late read. What is this experience like clearly helped me to revisit phenomenological research to... Open to the more general, checks are not built that spark LEADERSHIP experience MARINA... Issues, 26 ( 5 ), the post between Holy and Justine have clearly helped me revisit. My life served as a final method of ensuring the epoche process was, anakkale Onsekiz university..... the standpoint of impacting my values and endobj Interpretation/analysis methods in Chapter 7 of his (. Is my personal passion Kram, K. E. ( 1985 ) is asked based on Management... Researcher moustakas transcendental phenomenology steps them subject of Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method is a method in transcendental.! Developed while participating in the NHRI program ( Moerer-Urdahl, 2003 ) Lasting, differences... Is because my profile fits the sample criteria and the question under investigation is my personal.. Influenced their experience data ( Laverty, 2003 ) J. hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical methodological! With transcendental phenomenology is appropriate employ the Modified Van Kaam and Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method instead of Van!

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