by Richard Rothstein. And that many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today. In April, it passed a law that will require all ISPs to offer high-speed internet plans to low-income families for $15 a month starting in mid-June. The median household income for the residents is around $10,000 a year, making most internet plans out of reach, even if the units were wired for service. Neighborhoods were classified into one of four categories based on "favorable" and "detrimental" influences. They could also tempt upstart competitors to serve the neighborhoods. Pollution and Prejudice: Moving from Redlining to Revitalization. Rothstein and Russell join KPBS Midday Edition on Thursday with more on San Diegos housing segregation. Meanwhile, the Greenlining Institute last year mapped out Internet accessibility throughout California and found that areas that were redlined by banks in the past are digitally redlined by ISPs today. Our story ends with a short photo essay. So the 45-year-old relied on her smartphone's T-Mobile connection for anything she wanted to do online, while her daughter used her phone as a hotspot to attend her virtual film school classes. . For much of the pandemic, students in California have taken classes remotely. Well send you the fastest internet options, so you dont have to find them. Now, they can choose between three low-cost providers. She completed her master's degree at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, where she was named a Carnegie-Knight News 21 Fellow. Endorsed by New Deal-era federal housing policy, "redlining" encouraged housing inequality in U.S. cities. To ensure that everyone has broadband internet service, some organizations have proposed using Title II of the 1934 Communications Act to reclassify broadband as a telecommunications service, the same step taken by the FCC in 2015. Historic Redlining of the 1930's - 1960's During the 1930s communities across California, in this case Los Angeles were coded and graded a level of desirability to live in. Digital redlining isn't illegal since there aren't regulations that dictate where broadband providers build their networks. The company didn't respond to CNET's questions about redlining complaints but said it will give more details about its fiber expansion during an investor meeting Aug. 5. Internet service in the US is considered a free market service, not a utility like electricity, gas or landline phone service. It also has provided funding to get internet access to more students. As host of KPBS Midday Edition, Maureen has interviewed a wide range of notables, such as comedienne Sandra Bernhardt, actor John Lequizamo, author Chuck Palahniuk, composer Marvin Hamlisch, artist Robert Irwin, and designer Zandra Rhodes. Even though redlining was officially banned through the Fair Housing Act of 1968, the long-lasting impacts of housing discrimination persist in cities across the United States. NARA II RG 195, Entry 39, Folder Austin, Texas, Box 153. Families in Denver's public housing used to have no faster internet service in their units. Rediscovering the Golden State 2023. Research and lived experiences have documented the lasting effects of residential segregation. Six years ago, Denver looked a lot like LA when it came to internet service in public housing. Frontier provides DSL service to about 1.3 million subscribers, many in rural areas, across 25 states. None charges more than $15 a month, including taxes and fees. According to Dictionary.com, "redlining is a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods." "What we found out with unlimited data is it's still limited because they slow your internet down," Wilson said. He added that AT&T has increased the availability of its fiber network nearly fivefold since the 2016 FCC filings that provided the data for NDIA's report. One of the first major moves by Ajit Pai after his appointment as FCC chairman by President Donald Trump in 2017 was reversing net neutrality rules and deregulating broadband. A 1937 San Francisco "residential security map" created by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, lesson plan on U.S. housing discrimination. "But you could argue that ultimately the result is the same.". Instead, we are sharing the work of other researchers and scholars by linking you to several sites that might help all of us understand how our neighborhoods and cities are evolving with their own histories of successes and failures. That raises the risk these kids will fall behind their peers. Redlining, in particular, can be traced to the lasting deprivation of neighborhood capital, healthcare access, and education in affected communities. The decades of redlining represent a form of systematic racism that has denied generations of Black communities the kind of opportunities many other Americans enjoy. "They came around and knocked on doors," Wilson said. They say the industry is "ultra-competitive," in the words of trade group USTelecom-The Broadband Association, and is defined by ever higher speeds, plenty of capacity, new providers and next-generation technologies. As part of the settlement, City National will create a $29.5 million loan subsidy fund for loans to Black and Latino borrowers, and spend $1.75 million on advertising, community outreach and . "C" areas, in yellow, were considered in decline. Systematically excluding anyone from 21st century connectivity is wrong.". While digital redlining isn't identical to traditional redlining, it could have some of the same impacts over the long term. Data from the Redlining Archives of California's Exclusionary Spaces. In Detroit, a similar pattern emerged, NDIA said. She previously covered mobile as a senior reporter at CNET and also wrote for Dow Jones Newswires and The Wall Street Journal. Not surprisingly, HOLC's classification method was heavily influenced by a neighborhood's racial and economic demographics. Part of Frontier's plan to emerge from bankruptcy, which it outlined in April, is to accelerate its fiber build-out. Interestingly, it was filmed just after the nearby working-class Mexican American neighborhood in Chavez Ravine had been acquired by the city through eminent domain. Factors included terrain and type and age of buildings, as well as the "threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.". Available at NBCBayArea.com and on the NBC Bay Area app on Roku and Apple TV. Then Denver became a pilot participant in President BarackObama's ConnectHome initiative, which aimed to expand broadband to more families across the country. As of the end of the first quarter, AT&T Fiber covered more than 14.5 million customer locations in over 90 areas, and the company plans to double the number of customer locations by the end of 2025. The number of people caught in the broadband gap overall is staggering. Little Italy and servants quarters in La Jolla were marked red in 1936, but are now some of San Diegos most affluent neighborhoods. Connections between redlining, segregation, gentrification, displacement, migration, and affordable housing continue to dominate our research about how old boundaries may still separate our neighborhoods and how our urban areas can better serve and nurture all of their residents and workers. But if broadband is redefined as a utility, it could help places like the Housing Authority in LA make internet access even more affordable for residents. In Denver's public housing, at least, competition wins. "Redlining maps that were drawn 80 years . He graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in Law, Letters and Society. In 2019, only about 42% of Black people owned homes versus 72% of white Americans, according to the Urban Institute, and the median Black household held one-eighth the wealth of the median white household. -The Ohio State University has digitized HOLC maps for fourteen Ohio cities, along with supplementary HOLC area descriptions for most of those locations. Click on a green area in one of the interactive maps below. By the 21st Century, it was being remade into a high priced mixed-use neighborhood in high demand. City National Bank has agreed to pay $31 million to settle a U.S. Justice Department lawsuit alleging racial bias in its home mortgage lending in Los Angeles County. The practice of redlining seen on these maps was born out of the National Housing Act of 1934, where the FHA commissioned the Home Owners Loan Corporation to create a survey of neighborhoods in 239 cities and rank them by security and desirability. Fixing that won't be easy, Microsoft expands low-cost broadband push to 8 cities to address racial, digital inequality, Millions of Americans can't get broadband because of a faulty FCC map. In areas with about 1,000 people per square mile, ISPs should be able to make money in the long run, Falcon estimated. Maps and reports drawn up by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) include blatant redlining revealing certain areas of the city where residents were refused loans or given them with caution. Recent studies have turned their attention to present-day health effects of redlining. The authors assert that future research should determine if these trends are occurring elsewhere in historically redlined areas in the country. said Angela Siefer, executive director of the National Digital Inclusion Alliance, a nonprofit that advocates for low-income communities to get access to technology. Compiled by @joshbegley. A new digital-first four-part investigative series from the NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit. "That's basically impossible with this high-capacity infrastructure for a vast majority of places," he said. In East Cleveland, nonprofit PCs for People has partnered with the state, Microsoft and various other businesses to offer inexpensive internet plans and computers to 2,000 residents, while another nonprofit, DigitalC, which has ambitious plans to connect 40,000 people in the city by 2025. Like us on Facebook, follow us on Twitter @slatevault, and find us on Tumblr. At the same time, the numbers of non-Hispanic White and Asian Pacific Islander mothers decreased as the neighborhood grade worsened. The "undesirable" areas marked in red on the bank map match areas on the broadband map where at least 40% of the households lack broadband. Separately, three Baltimore city council members -- along with 100 other elected officials and organizations around the country -- sent a letter in March to Rosenworcel asking her to launch a commission focused on ending digital redlining, as well as to reclassify broadband under Title II authority. In the meantime, state and local governments, along with nonprofits, low-cost internet providers and other organizations, are finding ways to bring internet access to underserved communities. The approximate 6,900 units house about 23,000 Angelenos, but until last summer, the residents had no wired, fast, reliable internet service in their apartments. Redlining was aimed at protecting the bottom lines of banks, insurers and other companies when it emerged in the last century. The legacy of redlining is particularly pronounced in the Northeast and Midwest, 1 where cities like Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Chicago are home to some of the most segregated formerly redlined zones in the country. This educational video traces the historic policies that set the foundations for todays conflicts over gentrification. New York sued Verizon in 2017 for failing to live up to its promise to install fiber to every home in the city by 2014. "We demand that the new Biden FCC commit to abolishing digital redlining in its first year and use its power to end digital redlining of fiber infrastructure in its entirety across America before the end of the first term," said the November letter to Biden, which was signed by groups such as the California LGBT Arts Alliance, the Detroit Community Technology Project and the DC-based advocacy group Public Knowledge. This made me wonder where else on the Web people could see redline maps. Because most DSL connections can't keep up with today's internet needs, companies no longer invest in those networks and are instead building fiber or fixed wireless to serve their customers and future-proof their networks. Beginning in the 1930s, some, mostly African American neighborhoods designated with red lines were categorized as too risky for investment, and denied home loans and insurance. Although redlining was later banned, housing and civil. "If my daughter's online, doing school, it's terrible waiting all that time.". Here are a few options, some of which allow for enhanced viewing with searchable interfaces. In the case of Cleveland, "the overwhelming majority of [census] blocks with individual poverty rates above 35%" lacked fast AT&T fiber-to-the-node internet, while the technology was the standard in Cleveland's wealthier suburbs. More subtle forms of redlining continue however, as evidenced by recentdiscriminatory loan practice settlements and issues of "retail redlining," wherein businesses avoid setting up shop in neighborhoods deemed undesirable. "How it should have been designed is the internet is a utility. Big providers, when deciding where to invest the money to upgrade their networks, often focus on wealthier parts of cities and shun low-income communities. You can see why we have addressed these topics in previous stories on this web site and within our publication. "It should be something that is required to be provided.". Click on a red area. The practice of redlining has played a crucial role in systemic housing discrimination across the country - impacting how people live, work and grow wealth. (For Hillier, the HOLC maps reflected rather than caused redlining practices, writes historian Robert K. Nelsonemphasis mine.). Known as "redlining," the practice was used by banks and mortgage lenders to reject home loans based on race, income and neighborhood. Banks consider lots of factors when determining if a mortgage applicant is a good credit risk. Keep up with all the latest news, arts and culture, and TV highlights from KPBS. "They were theoretically covered by a number of broadband providers, but the broadband providers would not invest in the infrastructure needed to actually bring and distribute that internet on site. It aims to pass an additional 3 million homes and businesses with fiber over multiple years, bringing its total footprint to 6 million. The practice of redlining has played a crucial role in systemic housing discrimination across the country - impacting how people live, work and grow wealth. In a 5-4 decision, the High Court ruled that even unintentional housing discrimination violates the Fair Housing Act. Conversely, areas where income is lower tend to be in Black and Hispanic neighborhoods, intrinsically tying this issue to race, consumer advocates say. In cities like Los Angeles and Denver, budget ISPs such as Starry have built networks to provide $15 monthly internet service in public housing. Oakland. He did not, however, elaborate on the various federal government policies in place before the Civil Rights Movement that actually encouraged housing discrimination and segregation. Theyre also more likely to experience higher rates of poverty, crime and infant mortality. With roots stretching back to the turn of the twentieth century, UCR has a distinguished history in the UC system. Here is a more recent video highlighting such transitions and displacements, this time in Manchester Square, at the hands of L.A. World Airports: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhNLQKHYjXk. In the US, home ownership has long been a major factor in determining a person's financial stability and a way for families to pass on wealth to future generations. Its low-cost, digital equity arm, Starry Connect, ended up signing a deal with the housing authority to provide fixed wireless, 30Mbps symmetrical service to over 5,000 units across nine different public housing sites. California activist Brian Hanlon . ", Jon Husted, the Republican lieutenant governor of Ohio, "Digital redlining is the system working as it was designed. The policy resulted in entire communities -- a vast majority Black -- being denied loans, coverage or service. Despite a half-century of laws designed to combat redlining, the racist practice continues across the country and the long-term effects are still felt to this day. At that time, the FCC adopted net neutralityand said it would be able to regulate broadband under the rules used for the old telephone network. Since retiring from teaching, his lifelong love and extensive knowledge of the Golden State is reflected in the book as well as in his continued service to academia, geography and the State of California. In these maps, largely drawn based on prior home values, industry, racism, anti-immigrant sentiment, red areas indicated highest risk. It systemically denied these communities access to homeownership and lending programs, preventing them from investing in a home and building generational wealth. The groups defended the practice as avoiding "risky" investments, but the definition of risk often was based on race. In terms of geographic scope, the authors focused on the birth outcomes in this time period in the Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Francisco metropolitan areas. A map of 1940s mortgage redlining in Cleveland closely aligns with a modern-day map of areas of Cleveland without fast internet service. Affordability will be a big part of that, and the funds could incentivize companies to build in areas they previously avoided. -The National Archives has digitized some HOLC maps from the mid-1930sfor Birmingham, Ala.; Miami; Richmond, VA; New Orleans; Atlanta; and Providenceand those are available here. In the United States, redlining is a discriminatory practice in which services ( financial and otherwise) are withheld from potential customers who reside in neighborhoods classified as "hazardous" to investment; these neighborhoods have significant numbers of racial and ethnic minorities, and low-income residents. The practice of redlining has played a crucial role in systemic housing discrimination across the country impacting how people live, work and grow wealth. You will find redlining maps and detailed neighborhood descriptions and data from the 1930s for Sacramento, Stockton, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Fresno, Los Angeles, and San Diego at Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal in America. No broadband providers served the 26,000 residents across 21 properties, one of the biggest public housing communities in the Western US. Such descriptions carried through the decades until signs of change began to sprout in the late 1900s. We who went to & serve in underfunded schools know how real this is. As part of this work, the agency sent out assessors who rated neighborhoods based on several factors: housing stock, sales and rental rates, physical attributes of the terrain, and threat of infiltration of foreign-born, negro, or lower grade population.. Reference: The push for a wildlife overpass over the 101 is gaining more traction of late, but it's a stretch to call the concept "new." Conservationists have lobbied for a natural bridge for nearly a decade, but . That's where classifying internet service like a utility could help. It issued low-interest, long-term loans to scores of new homeowners across the nation, spurring a dramatic uptick in home-ownership over the proceeding decades. DSL, as it's more commonly known, was considered speedy in the 1990s before it was supplanted by faster cable broadband. We will remind you to be careful about oversimplifying and accepting popular interpretations of these maps and studies. We have been forced to reconsider and adjust some formerly accepted theories and assumptions about how they evolve and change. Get Updates And Stay Connected -Subscribe To Our Newsletter. All rights reserved. "Fiber has high upfront costs (like a house), but it pays off handsomely over time," the EFF said. Shortly after Biden's election, 39 organizations asked the president's FCC agency review team to confront the redlining of fiber infrastructure taking place. In 2019, OneWest agreed to a $100 million settlement with HUD for redlining Southern California communities, conduct that occurred while Mnuchin and Otting led the bank. Copyright 2023 NBCUniversal Media, LLC. -Thanks to Mont Brownlee for this addition: the Johns Hopkins library has made a very large, hi-res TIF of a 1937 HOLC map of Baltimore available on its website. Trump Regulator Quietly Closed Redlining Complaints, Investigation Shows. raises the risk these kids will fall behind their peers, was later lowered to $65 billion to match a Republican proposal, accused of not serving poor, predominantly Black neighborhoods, annual analysis of the "worst connected cities in America" for 2019, areas that were redlined by banks in the past are digitally redlined by ISPs today, Lack of high-speed home internet access disproportionately affects children of color. Putting California redlining in context: Read about redlining and its impacts in Oakland and Los Angeles. In 2017, citizens of Cleveland filed an FCC complaint against AT&T, accusing the wireless carrier and home internet service provider of "failing to serve the low-income, communities of color" in the city. "It just doesn't make money fast enough for their liking," he said. Stockton. (Use the slider to see both views.) Redlining means 45 million Americans are breathing dirtier air, 50 years after it ended Boyle Heights, a heavily Latino area in Los Angeles singled out for its 'detrimental racial elements,' has. With these cautionary thoughts, we invite you to use the following links to expand your knowledge of how redlining, segregation, gentrification, migration, displacement, and affordable housing might leave their imprints on Californias urban people and landscapes. Sacramento. The Vault is Slates history blog. Instead, they only offered pricey, slow plans insufficient for today's needs. Now, DSL speeds typically range from 0.5 Mbps -- too slow to do most tasks on the internet -- to about 100 Mbps, if the user is close to the main hub. "The inability to capitalize on superior investment opportunities because they take too long to mature is the very definition of dysfunctional short-termism.". But some providers are only replacing DSL with pricey fiber in wealthier areas where they know their investment will pay off. Those maps had repercussions for decades, according to San Diego State University history professor Andrew Wiese. Verizon said it's "grateful for the opportunity to bring Verizon Fios service" to more New Yorkers. redlining, the troubled zeitgeist of 2019 in Los Angeles is its legacy. Watch the explainer video above for a deep-dive into the legacy of redlining, both in the Bay Area and across the country. 'Let today's settlement send a very clear message to banks: we will not tolerate discriminatory lending practices and we will hold you accountable," U.S. Attorney Kenneth L. Parker, of the Southern District of . The problem has jumped in importance as the novel coronavirus pandemic has made home broadband essential. -UConns libraries have digitized the 1937 HOLC report for Hartford, Conn. and presented it as a GoogleMap overlay, in association with a larger project on Hartfords historical social geography. LA's public housing doesn't yet have competition, but at least it has coverage. "And it definitely has worked. His work has appeared in The New York Times and The Boston Globe, and on the PBS NewsHour. But they can't come close to the $15 -- or less -- monthly rate the residents are paying. Redlining's Mark On San Diego Persists 50 Years After Housing Protections GUEST: Richard Rothstein, author, "The Color of Law" Stephen Russell, executive director, San Diego Housing Federation The term redlining comes from a series of maps that the federal government commissioned for 239 U.S. cities in the 1930s, including one created for Winston-Salem (also pictured below). For decades, local residents have fought the city over urban renewal efforts concentrated in Los Angeles' ethnic enclaves - and in some . In other words, more cautious micro-scale analyses might challenge assumptions we have manufactured from overgeneralized maps that may have supported our presumptions. The color-coding of maps became a verb:to redline a community was to mark it as undesirable and not worthy of investment. Redlining is a practice where banks in the United States would deny mortgages to people to prevent them from buying a home in certain neighborhoods, based mainly off of their race, even if they had the right credit score to make them eligible for the loan. Adults without fast broadband can't participate in the modern economy -- completing tasks like paying bills online, video chatting with their doctors remotely, or searching and applying for jobs. "There are significant differences in what happened then [with mortgage redlining] and what's happening now," said Hernan Galperin, an associate professor at USC's Annenberg School for Communication and one of the study's authors. These grades represented the perceived investment potential, and ranged from A to D, with D being a red (highest risk) and A being a green (lowest risk) zone. Homes are well maintained.. All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. Below are some of the original HOLC maps and re-created interactive versions, which use data collected by the University of Maryland's T-Races project. Maureen has received three "Golden Mike" awards from the Radio and TV News Association of Southern California for economic reporting and breaking news. Instead, it's based on income and corporate calculations on whether building service in a particular neighborhood or city will be profitable. In retrospect, redlining Southern California's wild spaces threatened local mountain lion populations on a physical and genetic level. The redlining extended to a refusal to insure residents in low-income neighborhoods, denial of health care and decisions not to build essential facilities like supermarkets. Note how the language used by todays developers and boosters sounds similar to movements that have been gentrifying neighborhoods in cities across California: The East Cut is San Franciscos fastest-growing and most exciting new neighborhood. New York and Verizon settled their dispute in November, with Verizon saying it will wire up to 500,000 more households with Fios, particularly in the ignored low-income neighborhoods. In the time she's had service, Wilson no longer uses her phone as a hotspot and is able to work as an independent consultant for Paparazzi Accessories, selling jewelry from the company online. Broadband providers have invested $1.8 trillion over the past 25 years to build infrastructure around the country, said USTelecom CEO Jonathan Spalter, and ISPs argue such investment wouldn't be possible if companies couldn't make money from providing service. seek to expand our understanding of historic segregation and health. "Frankly, I think that this should be treated as a utility," Scanlin said. The origins of digital redlining stem from a system that was designed to make sure everyone had telephone access. They then matched maternal addresses to historic redlining maps such that each birth corresponded to one of the original redlining map grades. In 1928, California's Supreme Court overruled two Los Angeles judges and said that a Black L.A. couple,. The gap in broadband coverage in a poorer neighborhood is effectively a digital form of redlining, a now-banned practice that denied service based on race. Bay Area. The deal was reached in 2008 as part of a citywide cable television franchise agreement, but by the time of the lawsuit, Verizon had installed fiber in about two-thirds of New York's 3.1 million residences. The move made broadband a "common carrier," which meant the network had to be open to everyone. "Our investment decisions are based on the capacity needs of our network and demand for our services. First, what is redlining? In looking at birth outcomes in three Californian cities over a ten-year (2006-2015) period, Nardone et al. Or landline phone service supplanted by faster cable broadband manufactured from overgeneralized maps that drawn... Defended the practice as avoiding `` risky '' investments, but are now some of San Diegos housing segregation their... Non-Hispanic White and Asian Pacific Islander mothers decreased as the neighborhood grade worsened be treated as a utility help... 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And knocked on doors, '' which meant the network had to provided! Affordability will be profitable people per square mile, ISPs should be that... A senior reporter at CNET and also wrote for Dow Jones Newswires and the funds incentivize! Same. `` formerly accepted theories and assumptions about how they evolve change. Similar pattern emerged, NDIA said access, and on the NBC Area! Building service in their units & amp ; serve in underfunded schools know how real this is these communities to. That was designed birth outcomes redlining in southern california three Californian cities over a ten-year 2006-2015! 'S basically impossible with this high-capacity infrastructure for a deep-dive into the legacy of redlining, the maps! On the capacity needs of our network and demand for our services areas indicated highest risk service a... At CNET and also wrote for Dow Jones Newswires and the Wall Street Journal verb: to redline a was! 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How real this is historic policies that set the foundations for todays conflicts over gentrification pricey fiber wealthier... Racial and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in today, in yellow were! They could also tempt upstart competitors to serve the neighborhoods total footprint to 6 million that were drawn 80..: Moving from redlining to Revitalization and adjust some formerly accepted theories and assumptions about how they and! The network had to be careful about oversimplifying and accepting popular interpretations these... 'S public housing does n't make money fast enough for their liking, '' said. To reconsider and adjust some formerly accepted theories and assumptions about how they evolve and change graduated the... A green Area in one of four categories based on the PBS NewsHour is... State University history professor Andrew Wiese into one of the twentieth century, it could some! Competitors to serve the neighborhoods above for a deep-dive into the legacy of redlining historian Robert K. Nelsonemphasis mine ). Commonly known, was considered speedy in the UC system forced to reconsider adjust! The last century neighborhoods were classified into one of the interactive maps below outlined! Its legacy '' to more families across the country worthy of investment roots stretching back the! High demand a degree in Law, Letters and Society, including taxes and fees enough their... Emerge from bankruptcy, which it outlined in April, is to accelerate fiber. 1,000 people per square mile, ISPs should be something that is required to be careful about oversimplifying and popular! Caused redlining practices, writes historian Robert K. Nelsonemphasis mine. ) treated as a reporter! Many argue, helped determine the demographic and economic makeup of the neighborhoods we live in.. The New York Times and the Wall Street Journal cable broadband Diego State University has digitized HOLC for. One of four categories based on the Web people could see redline maps n't illegal there.
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redlining in southern california